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پاسخ به سوالات شما 

دانلود یک کتاب مفید برای روش ترجمه جملات عامیانه  

ترجمه ماشینی - به نقل از : khojasteh.mihanblog.com 

وظیفه مترجم در ضبط اسامی خاص 

منابع ، مجلات ،همایش ها و سازمان های ترجمه 

Translation Journals

ضرورت «ترجمه» در فرایند توسعه فرهنگی 

راهکارهایی برای ترجمه بهتر  

نگاهی به برخی ار تکنیکهای ترجمه 

1. Borrowing

This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk"). Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts:

2. Calque

This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité, Qualitätssicherung...).

3. Literal Translation

Just what it says - "El equipo está trabajando para acabar el informe" - "The team is working to finish the report". Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German in the same way - you would have to use technique no. 4...

4. Transposition

This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta nadar" (not "nadando") - or in German, "Sie schwimmt gern", because gerunds and infinitives work in different ways in English and Spanish, and German is German (bringing in an adverb to complicate matters). Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English wants the verb up near the front; Spanish can have it closer to the end. 

5. Modulation

Now we're getting clever. Slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "Te lo dejo" - "You can have it".

6. Reformulation (sometimes known as équivalence)

Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have given the name Sonrisas y lágrimas to the film The Sound of Music in Spanish?

7. Adaptation

Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least. Should a restaurant menu in a Spanish tourist resort translate "pincho" as "kebab" in English? Should a French text talking about Belgian jokes be translated into English as talking about Irish jokes (always assuming it should be translated at all)? We will return to these problems of referentiality below. 

8. Compensation

Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages which use forms such as tu and usted (tu/vous, du/Sie, etc.) into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways. If you want to read more, look at Fawcett 1997:31-33.

سوالات شما 

نخستین درسهای ترجمه - دکتر فرزانه فرحزاد

ترجمه متون ادبی - انتشارات پیام نور - چند فصل انتهایی

ترجمه و مترجم - انتشارات آستان قدس

چرا کامپیوتر نمی تواند مثل انسان ترجمه کند ؟! 

http://www.ttt.org/theory/barker.html

همه چیز در باره ترجمه  

• what are the benefits of translation memory systems
• what are the responsabilities of the translator
• what is a translation
• what is a translator
• what is machine translation
• what is the difference between machine translation and human translation
• what is the difference between translation and interpretation
• what is the difference between translation memory and machine translation
• what is translation memory
• what makes a goog translator
• why is machine translation not always the best idea

انواع روشهای ترجمه شفاهی و کتبی  

Types of Translation and Interpretation

General translation/interpretation is just what you think - the translation or interpretation of non-specific language that does not require any specialized vocabulary or knowledge. However, the best translators and interpreters read extensively in order to be up-to-date with current events and trends so that they are able to do their work to the best of their ability, having knowledge of what they might be asked to convert. In addition, good translators and interpreters make an effort to read about whatever topic they are currently working on. If a translator is asked to translate an article on organic farming, for example, he or she would be well served to read about organic farming in both languages in order to understand the topic and the accepted terms used in each language.

Specialized translation or interpretation refers to domains which require at the very least that the person be extremely well read in the domain. Even better is training in the field (such as a college degree in the subject, or a specialized course in that type of translation or interpretation). Some common types of specialized translation and interpretation are

• financial translation and interpretation
• legal translation and interpretation
• literary translation
• medical translation and interpretation
• scientific translation and interpretation
• technical translation and interpretation

Types of Translation

Machine translation
Also known as automatic translation, this is any translation that is done without human intervention, using software, hand-held translators, online translators such as Babelfish, etc. Machine translation is extremely limited in quality and usefulness - learn more.

Machine-assisted translation
Translation that is done with a machine translator and a human working together. For example, to translate "honey," the machine translator might give the options le miel and chéri so that the person could decide which one makes sense in the context. This is considerably better than machine translation, and some argue that it is more effective than human-only translation.

Screen translation
Translation of movies and television programs, including subtitling (where the translation is typed along the bottom of the screen) and dubbing (where the voices of native speakers of the target language are heard in place of the original actors).

Sight translation
Document in the source language is explained orally in the target language. This task is performed by interpreters when an article in the source language is not provided with a translation (such as a memo handed out at a meeting).

Localization
Adaptation of software or other products to a different culture. Localization includes translation of documents, dialog boxes, etc., as well as linguistic and cultural changes to make the product appropriate to the target country.


Types of Interpretation

Consecutive interpretation (consec)
The interpreter takes notes while listening to a speech, then does his or her interpretation during pauses. This is commonly used when there are just two languages at work; for example, if the American and French presidents were having a discussion. The consecutive interpreter would interpret in both directions, French to English and English to French. Unlike translation and simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation is commonly done into the interpreter's A and B languages.

Simultaneous interpretation (simul)
The interpreter listens to a speech and simultaneously interprets it, using headphones and a microphone. This is commonly used when there are numerous languages needed, such as in the United Nations. Each target language has an assigned channel, so Spanish speakers might turn to channel one for the Spanish interpretation, French speakers to channel two, etc. Simultaneous interpretation should only be done into one's A language.


Learn more

If you didn't start with page 1 of this article, you might want to go there to read my introduction to translation and interpretation and what these careers require.

And on page 2, learn some common translation and interpretation terms and understand the difference between translation and interpretation.

تقاوت ترجمه مکتوب و شفاهی  

What does an interpreter do

To explain what interpreters do it is worthwhile to start by discussing the differences between interpreting and translation. (Please note: more information about interpreting and translation is available at Modes of Interpreting and Interpreting vs. Translation.)

Interpreting vs. Translation

On the surface, the difference between interpreting and translation is only the difference in the medium: the interpreter translates orally, while a translator interprets written text. Both interpreting and translation presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one tongue.

However, the differences in the training, skills, and talents needed for each job are vast. The key skill of a very good translator is the ability to write well, to express him/herself clearly in the target language. That is why professional translators almost always work in only one direction, translating only into their native language. Even bilingual individuals rarely can express themselves in a given subject equally well in two languages. And many excellent translators are far from being bilingual - they may not be, and need not be, fluent speakers of the source language (the language of the original text being translated). The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, and, using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials, render that material into the target language.

Forms of interpreting

An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot.

There are two types of interpreting: consecutive and simultaneous. In the most popular form of simultaneous interpreting the interpreter sits in a booth wearing a pair of headphones and speaking into a microphone. Strictly speaking, "simultaneous" is a misnomer: the interpreter can't start interpreting until s/he understands the general meaning of the sentence. Depending on how far in the sentence the subject and the verb are located, the interpreter into English may not be able to utter a single word until s/he heard the very end of the sentence in the source language! This should make it evident how hard the task of the interpreter really is: s/he needs to be translating the sentence into the target language while simultaneously listening to and comprehending the next sentence. You can experience the difficulty of the task even if you are monolingual: just try paraphrasing someone's speech with a half-sentence delay, making sure you understand the next sentence while paraphrasing the previous one.

One of the key skills of the simultaneous interpreter is decisiveness: there is simply no time to weigh the merits of variant translations or to recall just the right idiom in the target language. Any delay and you may loose a few words (and possibly a thought) that the speaker uttered. And since the speaker may be far away, or even in a different room than the interpreter, the loss may be permanent.

During consecutive interpreting the speaker stops every 1-5 minutes (usually at the end of every "paragraph" or a complete thought) and the interpreter then steps in to render what was said into the target language. A key skill involved in consecutive interpreting is note-taking, since few interpreters can memorize a full paragraph at a time without loss of detail. But interpreter's notes are very different from those of a stenographer, because writing down words in the source language makes interpreter's job harder when he or she has to translate the speech into the target language. Many professional interpreters develop their own "ideogramic" symbology, which allows them to take down not the words, but the thoughts of the speaker in language-independent form. Then the interpreter's output is more idiomatic and less source-language bound.

In spite of the vast differences in the skills of translators and interpreters, there is one thing that they must share, besides deep knowledge of both languages: they must understand the subject matter of the text or speech they are translating. One of the main reasons why the Automatic Translation projects that were popular since 1950's failed is precisely that reason. Translation is not a matter of substituting words in one language for words in another. It is a matter of understanding the thought expressed in one language and then explaining it using the resources of another language. In other words, what an interpreter does is change words into meaning, and then change meaning back into words -- of a different language. So interpreting is basically paraphrasing. And just like you can't explain to someone a thought if you didn't fully understand that thought, nor can you translate or interpret something without mastery of the subject matter being relayed. This is why making sure that the interpreter is knowledgeable in the subject matter of the conference or the workshop they are interpreting at is just as important as making sure that s/he is an experienced interpreter.

Qualifications of a good interpreter

• Knowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are to be interpreted.
• General erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures.
• Extensive vocabulary in both languages.
• Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages.
• Excellent note-taking technique for consecutive interpreting.
• At least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting.

MORE  

http://www.notatranslators.org/whatsthedifference.aspx

http://www.helium.com/tm/90800/understand-interpreted-writteninterpretation-understanding

http://fra.proz.com/translation-articles/articles/425/1/Translation-and-Interpretation-Work-for-the-LNG-Tangguh-Project-in-Papua,-Indonesia

http://www.translationdirectory.com/article221.htm

در باره مترجمين شفاهي و ترجمه شفاهي 

http://www.culturalsavvy.com/interpreters_2.htm

ESSENTIAL DO'S AND DONT'S WHEN USING SIMULTANEOUS CONFERENCE INTERPRETERS ON TV

کلیک کنید :

در باره انواع روشهاي ترجمه 

 مترجم همزمان

مقايسه دقيق تر مترجم همزمان با ساير انواع مترجم

مترجم پياپي

مترجم همراه

روشهای ترجمه سناریوی فیلمها - علیرضا عامری 

A to Z of Screenplay Translation

Alireza Ameri
Lecturer, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Iran
TEFL PhD Student, Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
http://accurapid.com/journal/42screenplay.htm

معرفی یک گاهنامه بسیار مفید  

http://about-translation.blogspot.com/

قدرت ترجمه فیلم  

The Power of Film Translation

by Agnieszka Szarkowska

http://accurapid.com/journal/32film.htm

چرا حقوق مترجمین کافی نیست ؟ 

Why Are Most Translators Underpaid

http://accurapid.com/journal/32asymmetric.htm

زبان آموزی در کلاسهای ترجمه ( مقاله ) 

Language Learning in Translation Classrooms

by Carol Ann Goff-Kfouri, Ph.D

http://accurapid.com/journal/32edu1.htm

مقالاتی جدید و جالب در باره اصول و فنون ترجمه 

http://www.translationdirectory.com/translation_theory.htm

http://www.bible-researcher.com/translation-methods.html

http://www.studio1solutions.com/en/encyclopedia/Theory_of_Translation.html

Translation Theory 

By Juan Daniel Pérez Vallejo

Translation teacher,
University of Cd. Del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico

اصولی اساس ترجمه 

• Truth-Functional Propositional Logic
• Predicate Logic
• Singly General Monadic
• Multiply General Monadic
• Polyadic

http://www.kenax.cz/translating/translation-tips/translation-tips.html

معرفی مجله ترجمه  

A Publication for Translators by Translators
about Translators and Translation

http://accurapid.com/journal/index.html

نگاهی به نرخنامه ترجمه متون و مطالب  

قانون ترجمه و تكثير كتب و نشريات و آثار صوتي 

معرفی یک گاهنامه مفید برای مترجمان 

ترجمه های گوناگون بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم به انگلیسی 

JOBS FOR TRANSLATORS 

Latest News for Translators and Linguists 

http://www.translationdirectory.com/news_for_translators.htm

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